Side brain regions {temporal lobe}| can receive information about features, orientations, balance, and sound and have speech-recognition systems. Inside area is for short-term memory, affective memory, and association.
input
Middle-temporal-lobe V5 area detects pattern directions and speed gradients. Medial superior temporal lobe dorsal area detects heading. V2 and V4 areas detect non-luminance-contour orientations. V4 area detects curved boundary fragments. Inferotemporal lobe (IT) detects shape parts. IT and CIP detect curvature and orientation in depth from disparity.
output
Temporal lobe sends to limbic system.
damage
Temporal-lobe lesions can cause the feeling that one has previously witnessed a new situation. Temporal lobe removal decreases pattern discrimination, color vision, fear reactions, learning sets, and retention. Temporal lobe electrical stimulation causes fear, sadness, or loneliness. Removing both temporal lobes makes monkeys fail to recognize objects, be hypersexual, exhibit compulsive oral behavior, not be afraid of things that used to cause fear, and be less aggressive {Klüver-Bucy syndrome, monkey} [Klüver, 1933].
Anterior and inferior temporal-lobe region {anterior inferotemporal area} {area TE} responds to color, shape, and texture over large areas. It detects curves, corners, blobs, and other features. It receives from posterior inferotemporal and medial temporal and sends to prefrontal, medial temporal, and striatum. It has no topographic maps. Eye or head movements do not affect it [Wang et al., 1996].
Temporal-lobe {anterior temporal lobe} damage can block fact retrieval and affect speech.
Extrastriatal gyrus {fusiform gyrus}| in middle and inferior ventral temporal lobe and ventral occipital lobe stores categories, shapes, and patterns. Fusiform gyrus contains area V4, which detects color. A fusiform-gyrus region {fusiform face area} can detect faces [Cowey and Heywood, 1997] [Damasio et al., 1980] [Gallant et al., 2000] [Hadjikhani et al., 1998] [Haxby et al., 2000] [Kanwisher et al., 1997] [Meadows, 1974] [Ramachandran, 2004] [Sakai et al., 1995] [Tong et al., 2000] [Tootell and Hadjikhani, 2001] [Vuilleumier et al., 2001] [Wade et al., 2002] [Zeki, 1990] [Zeki et al., 1991] [Zeki et al., 1998].
damage
Fusiform and lingual gyri damage causes no color perception.
Brain has inferior temporal cortex region {inferotemporal cortex}| (IT) [DiCarlo and Maunsell, 2000] [Gross, 1998] [Gross, 2002] [Logothetis and Sheinberg, 1996] [Tamura and Tanaka, 2001] [Tanaka, 1996] [Tanaka, 1997] [Tanaka, 2003] [Tsunoda et al., 2001] [Wang et al., 1996] [Young and Yamane, 1992].
functions
IT affects visual recognition by visual cortex. IT analyzes complex visual stimuli and discriminates visual forms. IT is for attention and visual memory. IT selects object to view.
IT responds best to new stimuli. If new visual feature matches the original, brain suppresses half of inferotemporal neurons activated by visual feature. One-third of inferotemporal neurons decrease response to familiar or repeated stimuli.
Some inferotemporal neurons recognize individual faces at different views, face prototypes, or poses, ignoring brightness.
Some inferotemporal neurons respond to stimulus actively held in memory and receive back projections from prefrontal cortex [Miyashita et al., 1996] [Naya et al., 2001] [Sheinberg and Logothetis, 2001].
input
IT receives from dorsolateral visual area.
output
IT sends to object recognition centers and attention and orientation systems.
damage
Inferior temporal lobe damage causes inability to categorize or discriminate.
Area 20 and 21 {left anterior inferotemporal} damage impairs object naming, though people can describe objects, have good grammar and phonetics, and name actions and relationships [Wang et al., 1996].
Temporal pole {area 38} {left anterior temporal lobe} damage impairs object naming, though people can describe objects, have good grammar and phonetics, and name actions and relationships.
Verbal-acoustic areas {left temporal lobe} can be for phoneme and word understanding.
Temporal regions {middle temporal lobe} {medial temporal lobe} (MT) {mediotemporal cortex} {V5 brain area} {area V5} can encode motion perception and respond to movement and movement direction but not to wavelength. MT can detect movement direction, from visual texture [Albright, 1993] [Allman and Kaas, 1971] [Andersen, 1997] [Britten et al., 1992] [Britten et al., 1996] [Cook and Maunsell, 2002] [Ditterich et al., 2003] [Goebel et al., 1998] [Goldstein and Gelb, 1918] [Heeger et al., 1999] [Hess et al., 1989] [Heywood and Zihl, 1999] [Huk et al., 2001] [Humphreys, 1999] [Mather et al., 1998] [Parker and Newsome, 1998] [Salzman and Newsome, 1994] [Salzman et al., 1992] [Schall, 2001] [Shadlen et al., 1996] [Tootell and Taylor, 1995] [Tootell et al., 1995] [Tolias et al., 2001] [Williams et al., 2003] [Zeki, 1974] [Zeki, 1991] [Zihl et al., 1983].
MT neurons can code for depth [Bradley et al., 1998] [Cumming and DeAngelis, 2001] [DeAngelis et al., 1998] [DeAngelis and Newsome, 1999] [Grunewald et al., 2002] [Maunsell and Van Essen, 1983].
memory
Medial temporal lobe stores long-term declarative explicit memories. MT also participates in recognition memory.
attention
Attention affects medial temporal lobe [McAdams and Maunsell, 2000] [Saenz et al., 2002] [Treue and Martinez-Trujillo, 1999].
anatomy
MT includes amygdala, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, perirhinal cortex, and Brodmann areas 28, 35, 36, and 37.
input
MT receives from V1 and superior colliculus. Parahippocampal and perirhinal cortex both receive from somatic, auditory, and visual sensory cortex. Entorhinal cortex receives from parahippocampal and perirhinal cortex. Hippocampus DG region receives most from entorhinal cortex and some from parahippocampal and perirhinal cortex, not from neocortex. Hippocampus CA3 receives from DG. Hippocampus CA1 receives from CA3. Subiculum, in hippocampal formation, receives from CA1.
output
MT sends to superior colliculus, posterior parietal lobe, lateral intraparietal lobe, ventral intraparietal lobe, medial superior temporal lobe, and frontal lobe. MT connects through pons nuclei to cerebellum to control body and eye movements. Subiculum sends to rhinal cortex, which sends to sensory cortex.
damage
MT damage over wide area impairs factual knowledge retrieval but not information about categories or object features. Damage impairs smell but nothing else. Damage does not affect attention. Damage also affects emotions. Damage causes retrograde amnesia and affects all senses.
evolution
All primates have visual area 5.
Middle superior temporal region {optical flow field} {middle superior temporal area} (MST) encodes motion perception, especially texture flows.
Lateral temporal regions {non-medial temporal region} can include polar region, inferotemporal area, and posterior parahippocampus and retrieve factual knowledge, but not skill, perception, or motor control.
Region near hippocampus {parahippocampal area} includes rhinal cortex, with medial temporal lobe memory system and multisensory convergence. Parahippocampal area region {parahippocampal place area} responds most to places, not objects.
Cortex near nose {perirhinal cortex} damage causes inability to consciously remember facts or events, such as new category members or unique examples. Damage does not affect perceptual-motor skills with no conscious internal representations, such as mastering task over several sessions or retrieving previously acquired factual knowledge.
Posterior inferior temporal region {posterior inferotemporal cortex} (PIT) receives from ventral-pathway area V4 and sends to anterior inferotemporal cortex. Attention affects it [DeWeerd et al., 1999].
Posterior superior temporal regions {posterior superior temporal lobe} can be at temporal-occipital-parietal junction, be for associative memory, and retrieve representations and concepts [Bruce et al., 1986].
Posterior temporal-lobe regions {posterior temporal lobe} can be for consonant strings, words, speech fluency, and categorical knowledge. Visual association area-18, area-19, and posterior-area-37 bilateral damage prevents unique object recognition and feature retrieval.
Right temporal lobe region {right temporal lobe} controls spatial relationships, form manipulations, and visual discriminations.
Superior temporal lobe gyrus {superior temporal gyrus} represents sounds.
Superior temporal lobe sulcus {superior temporal sulcus} (STS) detects head or face movement, separate from viewing angle or recognition. Anteriorly, in area V4 and V4A, it analyzes color and color constancy. It detects shapes and textures. Posterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, and superior temporal sulcus are about imagining how other people feel.
Temporal regions {V6 temporal brain area} {area V6, temporal lobe} can be for locations.
Ventral temporal-lobe regions {ventral temporal lobe} can control attention and consciousness.
4-Zoology-Organ-Nerve-Brain-Cerebrum
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Date Modified: 2022.0225